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A toxic leader is a person who has responsibility over a group of people or an organization, and who abuses the leader–follower relationship by leaving the group or organization in a worse-off condition than when s/he first found them. The phrase was coined by Marcia Whicker in 1996 and is linked with a number of dysfunctional leadership styles. Other names include the little Hitler, manager from hell, The Toxic Boss and boss from hell.〔 Their leadership style is both self-destructive and ultimately corporately harmful as they subvert and destroy organizational structures. Ashforth discussed potentially destructive sides of leadership and identified what he referred to as petty tyrants, i.e.leaders who exercise a tyrannical style of management, resulting in a climate of fear in the workplace.〔''Petty tyranny in organizations '', Ashforth, Blake, Human Relations, Vol. 47, No. 7, 755-778 (1994)〕 The challenge to institutions like corporations, banks, and governments is how to accurately spot a budding toxic Hitler Tyrant or Madoff type of con man before it is too late. There is some hope here via neuroscience. Dr Jim Fallon can see on an MRI scan whether a person has a working empathy centre physically in their brain or not. The empathy centre is what stops us from exploiting and hurting others for personal gain without remorse. The most exploitative people in society can therefore be clearly and accurately identified by this simple method. Corporations of large scale could MRI screen prior to recruitment at VP level and above, and governments at MP / Senator level and above. We would not let a blind man pilot a plane because of the risk to others. Similarly we should not allow a tyrant to rule a corporation, a government a bank or any other major institution. More research in this area is needed and readers may find the works of Checkley, Hare, and Boddy to be of interest . ==Basic traits== The basic traits of a toxic leader are generally considered to be either/or insular,〔 intemperate,〔 glib, operationally rigid, callous,〔 inept,〔 discriminatory,〔 corrupt〔 or aggressive〔 by scholars such as Barbara Kellerman. They boast that they are supposedly clever, always criticize other staff members and avoid or dislike to be asked awkward questions about their leadership style.〔 These may occur as either: *Oppositional behaviour.〔 *Plays corporate power politics. *An overcompetitive attitude to other employees.〔 *Perfectionistic attitudes. *Abuse of the disciplinary system (such as to remove a workplace rival). *A condescending/glib attitude.〔 *They are shallow and lack self-confidence. Toxic leaders are not confident with themselves and become aggressive to cope.〔 *Poor self-control and/or restraint.〔 *Physical and/or psychological bullying.〔 *Procedural inflexibility.〔 *Discriminatory attitudes (sexism, etc.). *Causes workplace division instead of harmony.〔 *Use "divide and rule" tactics on their employees.〔 *Arrogant〔 *Irritable〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Toxic leader」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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